Absolute Measurement: Is the measurement of fixed values expressed in finite terms These terms cannot be changed. Examples include inches and millimeters, along with picas.
Relative Measurement: Is the measurement that does not have an accurate size. Their size compares and works with the size of type that is set. An example of this is height.
Point: Is a unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font. It is talking about the height of the type block and not the letter.
Pica: Is a 12-point type, widely used for typewriters, having 10 characters to the inch. It is an absolute measurement of 1/75 of an inch.
Em (and Em dash): Is the relative unit of measurement used in typesetting to define basic spacing functions, and therefore it is linked to the size of the type. If the type size increases, so does the size of the em. And vice versa.
En (and En dash): An en is a unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em. In 72pt type, for example, an en would be 36 points. An en rule is used to denote nested clauses, but it can also be used to mean 'to' in phrases such as 10-11.
Legibility: Is the quality of type that affects the perceptibility of a word, line, or paragraph of printed matter.
Rag: Occurs when highly noticeable shapes form by the line ends of text blocks that distract from simple, uninterrupted reading. Rags can include exaggerated slopes or noticeable inclines.
Type Alignments
Flush right : Is even or level with the right margin (flush right)
Flush left: Is the left margin (flush left) of the type page; without an indention.
Centered: Means to be set above the base line at approximately the level of the hyphen: a centered dot between syllables.
Justified: Is to to make (a line of type) a desired length by spacing the words and letters, esp. so that full lines in a column have even margins both on the left and on the right.
Advantages of type alignments- More organization, clear and easy to read, appealing
Disadvantages of type alignment- Unorganized, difficult to read, not appealing to the eye
Ideal word spacing: As the measure increases, the word spacing should increase, although less than in direct proportion to the increase in measure. The greater the leading, the greater should be the word space, again not in direct proportion. The vertical space between lines set by leading wants to be complemented by an increase in the horizontal space that word space settings determine. All caps, small caps or any type that has increased letter space looks better with additional word spacing.
Rivers: Is a vertical channel of white space resulting from the alignment in several lines of spaces between words. It is created where white space gaps align through text.
Indent: Provides the reader with an easily accessible entry point to a paragraph. The length can be related to the point size of the type such as a one em indent.
Leading: Basically, it is to guide in direction, course, action, opinion of the viewers eye.
Kerning: Is the setting of two letters closer together than is usual by removing space between them. It is the design of text faces incorporates inbuilt automatic adjustments to the spacing of particular letter pairs that would otherwise create disproportionate spaces.
Tracking: Adjusting the overall space between letters, rather than the space between two characters. It is also known as letterspacing.
Weight: Typefaces include a choice of weights, from the single bold variant common to most text faces to intermediate weights, such as book, medium, and demi: or extremes, such as black or ultra bold.
Scale: Content may be differentiated through the scale type, by increases in point size. A title or subtitle, an introductory paragraph, or pull-quote may be differentiated from the main text by being set in a larger size.
Typographic Variation: Is the variation and different techniques of typography. Some artist include: Marcel Duchamps, El Lissitzky, and Andy Warhol.
Orphan: Is the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column, and should be avoided at all costs.
Widow: Is a short last line of a paragraph, esp. one less than half of the full measure or one consisting of only a single word.
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