TYPE I: Bloggin' over break.

What are the advantages of a multiple column grid.? The more there is to the grid, the more way you can arrange the design. There are more corners and more variations in distance when using a grid with multiple columns. You can create Asymmetry and create flexible (it does not have to be a rigid structure). You also have the opportunity to use different column widths.

How many characters is optimal for a line length? words per line? The average characters in a line range between 45-75. To make this better you can use kerning to help make the words fit better. Words per line averages about 10-12 words.

Why is the baseline grid used in design? "Baseline grids are liberating, taking the hassle out of trying to figure out where to put things relative to other elements on your page."

What is a typographic river? Rivers are visually unattractive gaps appearing to run down a paragraph of text. They can occur with any spacing, though they are most noticeable with wide inter-word spaces caused by either full text justification or monospaced fonts. They happen when you do not have enough characters per line.

From the readings what does clothesline or flow line mean? A flow line is the horizontal line that appears on a layout within the text; so your eye goes through the page.

How can you incorporate white space into your designs? You can do this by by not filling the entire page with text or images and utilizing the white space.

What is type color/texture mean? This is the non-white space in the design. It is the density of text.

What is x-height, how does it effect type color? The height of a lowercase x of a given typeface. The larger the x-height, the darker the color the letter seems. Basically, the color is spread out and the ends of the letter are darker than the middle.

In justification or H&J terms what do the numbers: minimum, optimum, maximum mean? The specific amount of space between words, the minimum being at the least possible, the optimum just right and the maximum being more than what is needed.

What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph. Are there any rules? Create a first line indent, a hanging indent, tracking, running indent and create a rule under the first word.

What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text. Hyphenation doesn’t improve text legibility, so other things being equal, you should turn it off. Generally, hyphenation is necessary for justified text but not for left-aligned text, because left-aligned text will have an irregular rag no matter what.

Hyphenation is also less necessary for wider text blocks, because awkward line breaks are less likely. (Newspapers have to take hyphenation seriously because most newspaper text is set in narrow columns and justified.) Hyphenation doesn’t improve text legibility, so other things being equal, you should turn it off. Generally, hyphenation is necessary for justified text but not for left-aligned text, because left-aligned text will have an irregular rag no matter what.

Hyphenation is also less necessary for wider text blocks, because awkward line breaks are less likely. (Newspapers have to take hyphenation seriously because most newspaper text is set in narrow columns and justified.)

What is a ligature? The letters that are combined to make one letter. Example: Fi, ff

What does CMYK and RGB mean?cyan, magenta, yellow, black, the four color model of printing and its process. The RGB is an additive color model. Represents red, green, blue light is added together to reproduce a broad array of colors. Purpose is for sensing, representing, and display of color on electronic devices such as televisions and computers and photography.

What does hanging punctuation mean? It is a way of typesetting punctuation marks and bullet points, most commonly quotation marks and hyphens, so that they do not disrupt the ‘flow’ of a body of text or ‘break’ the margin of alignment. It is so called because the punctuation appears to ‘hang’ in the margin of the text, and is not incorporated into the block or column of text. It is commonly used when text is fully justified.

What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe? What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)? "Foot marks and inch marks are generic symbols that look like this ' (inch) " (foot). An apostrophe and quote mark have a small circle and curve that make it present the quote or word, such as “” ‘’. The default for a foot mark and inch mark is that on the computer keyboard. To make the apostrophes and smart quotes you hit option+[ (left bracket is quote, right bracket is apostrophe). To make them go the other direction add shift."

What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used. "Hyphens are used strictly for hyphenating words or line breaks. En dashes are for amounts of time such as hourly, days or years. Em dashes are abrupt changes in thought or where a period is too strong and a comma too weak."

What are ligatures, why are they used, when are they not used, what are common ligatures? "Ligatures prevent the collision or interference of characters, particularly the extended finial of the ‘f’. and the dot of the ‘i’" They are not used in Turkish typography.